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From the Publisher
Theory Of Rhetoric
Learn six rhetorical rules:
1. Anaphora: repetition of a word or phrase, typical in political speeches: ‘I demand justice. I demand understanding. I demand . . .’
2. Inversion: reversing the usual word order, such as in ‘Infinite is his sorrow’ (instead of ‘His sorrow is infinite’).
3. Irony: saying one thing when you really mean the opposite, e.g. ‘I really enjoyed being stuck in that traffic jam.’
4. Rhetorical questions: questions that make a statement, e.g. ‘Would you like shiny, glossy hair?’
5. Analogies (comparisons): ‘He stood there like a dying duck in a thunderstorm’ (banal) or ‘He was
as confused as a comma at the end of a sentence’ (creative).
6. Antithesis: a contrasting thought to produce tension,
e.g. ‘He was beautiful, strong and . . . unhappy.’
Principled Negotiation
Stick to three principles:
1. Thing, not person: do not be distracted by whether you like the other person or not.
2. Similarities, not differences: don’t think: I am in the weaker [or stronger] negotiating position. Ask yourself: What does the other person need from me? Do we have common interests?
3. Good enough, not perfect: you should not be aiming for the maximum possible. Because perfection is like the unicorn: it’s rumoured to exist, but nobody has ever seen it. So, alongside your desired outcome to the negotiation, have a Plan B prepared before negotiations even start. This is called the BATNA Principle (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement). It offers the best alternative when an agreement can’t be reached.
When We Think Of The Best Arguments
Four tricks to avoid being nervous:
1. Expose yourself repeatedly to the same situation (so‑called
‘practice under pressure’), whereby the situation loses its uniqueness.
2. Wait five seconds before answering – your answer
might not be any cleverer, but it comes across as weightier.
3. Not so easy: imagine that you’re not in an interview
but sitting in the pub with friends.
4. Keep in mind that although being quick-witted can be impressive in an interview, it is seldom required in most jobs.
Fake News
How to identify fake news:
Who? by answering ‘who’ said it, we divert our attention to the sender. Lasswell called this ‘control analysis’: who is talking? What is their aim? Who are their allies?
What?: by looking at ‘what’ is being said, we give attention to the actual message (the ‘content
analysis’) – to identify the aim behind the message we can, for example, ask: how are women or people of colour represented? What does the phrasing imply?
Which?: by answering the ‘which channel’ question we make a ‘ media-analysis’: why are they using this channel? How can they afford it? Who paid for it?
To Whom?: the ‘audience analysis’ can, for example,
reveal something about the aim of the sender: why are they talking specifically to these people?
With What Effect?: with the ‘effect analysis’ we ask: how did the audience react? What does this tell us about the sender?
Publisher : Portfolio Penguin (19 April 2018)
Language : English
Hardcover : 208 pages
ISBN-10 : 0241982286
ISBN-13 : 978-0241982280
Item Weight : 210 g
Dimensions : 19.7 x 12.9 x 1.42 cm
Country of Origin : United Kingdom
Net Quantity : 1.00 count
Generic Name : Book
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